Dynamic network biomarker indicates pulmonary metastasis at the tipping point of hepatocellular carcinoma

TLDR

Predictive biomarkers that detect the tipping point before hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis are critical to prevent irreversible deterioration. The study aims to discover early‑warning biomarkers of pulmonary metastasis in HCC by analyzing time‑series gene expression in a spontaneous metastasis mouse model using the dynamic network biomarker method, identifying CALML3 as a core member. The dynamic network biomarker method analyzes time‑series gene expression to identify CALML3, and the study further elucidates CALML3’s network‑level role in metastasis initiation through proximal regulation and cascading effects in dysfunctional pathways. Gain‑ and loss‑of‑function experiments demonstrate that CALML3 indicates metastasis initiation and suppresses metastasis, and clinical samples confirm that CALML3‑based DNB reduces pulmonary metastasis and that loss of CALML3 predicts shorter overall and relapse‑free survival, establishing it as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

Abstract

Developing predictive biomarkers that can detect the tipping point before metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is critical to prevent further irreversible deterioration. To discover such early-warning signals or biomarkers of pulmonary metastasis in HCC, we analyse time-series gene expression data in spontaneous pulmonary metastasis mice HCCLM3-RFP model with our dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method, and identify CALML3 as a core DNB member. All experimental results of gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies show that CALML3 could indicate metastasis initiation and act as a suppressor of metastasis. We also reveal the biological role of CALML3 in metastasis initiation at a network level, including proximal regulation and cascading influences in dysfunctional pathways. Our further experiments and clinical samples show that DNB with CALML3 reduced pulmonary metastasis in liver cancer. Actually, loss of CALML3 predicts shorter overall and relapse-free survival in postoperative HCC patients, thus providing a prognostic biomarker and therapy target in HCC.