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Chronic preoperative opioid use is a risk factor for increased complications, resource use, and costs after cervical fusion

Pain MedicineGynecologySurgeryIncreased ComplicationsPost-operative CarePrimary CarePain ManagementPublic HealthHealth Services ResearchPostoperative Pain ManagementOutcomes ResearchPreoperative PainCervical FusionCervical CancerPatient SafetySpinal FusionResource UseMedicinePostoperative Consideration