A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices

TLDR

Biology primarily uses ions for signaling, and conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes that conduct both electrons and ions have enabled organic bioelectronics, where iontronic components translate between electronic and ionic signals. The article reviews ion‑pumping technologies developed over the past decade and discusses their in vitro, in vivo, and plant applications. The review traces the evolution of ion‑pumping devices over ten years, highlighting their design and functional development. This effort has produced ionic resistors, diodes, transistors, and basic logic circuits that enable precisely controlled transport and delivery of biologically active chemicals.

Abstract

Abstract In contrast to electronic systems, biology rarely uses electrons as the signal to regulate functions, but rather ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, these materials have emerged as an excellent tool for translating signals between these two realms, hence the field of organic bioelectronics. Since organic bioelectronics relies on the electron‐mediated transport and compensation of ions (or the ion‐mediated transport and compensation of electrons), a great deal of effort has been devoted to the development of so‐called “iontronic” components to effect precise substance delivery/transport, that is, components where ions are the dominant charge carrier and where ionic–electronic coupling defines device functionality. This effort has resulted in a range of technologies including ionic resistors, diodes, transistors, and basic logic circuits for the precisely controlled transport and delivery of biologically active chemicals. This Research News article presents a brief overview of some of these “ion pumping” technologies, how they have evolved over the last decade, and a discussion of applications in vitro, in vivo, and in plantae.