IL-4–producing B cells regulate T helper cell dichotomy in type 1- and type 2-controlled diseases

Abstract

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced T helper (Th) 2 cells promote susceptibility to the protozoan parasite <i>Leishmania major</i>, while conferring immunity to the intestinal trematode <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> Here, we report that abrogation of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) signaling on B cells in BALB/c mice (<i>mb1</i>^creIL-4Rα^-/lox) transformed nonhealer BALB/c to a healer phenotype with an early type 1 and dramatically reduced type 2 immune response and an absence of ulceration and necrosis during cutaneous leishmaniasis. From adoptive reconstitution and mixed bone-marrow chimera studies in B cell-deficient (µMT) mice, we reveal a central role for B cell-derived IL-4 and IL-4Rα in the optimal induction of the susceptible type 2 phenotype to <i>L. major</i> infection. We further demonstrate that the absence of IL-4Rα signaling on B cells exacerbated <i>S. mansoni</i>-induced mortality and pathology in BALB/c mice, due to a diminished type 2 immune response. In both disease models, IL-4Rα-responsive B cells displayed increased IL-4 production as early as day 1 after infection. Together, these results demonstrate that IL-4-producing and IL-4Rα-responsive B cells are critical in regulating and assisting early T helper dichotomy toward Th2 responses, which are detrimental in cutaneous leishmaniasis but beneficial in acute schistosomiasis.