Locoregionally recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: incidence, survival, prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes

Abstract

// Jer-Hwa Chang 1,2 , Chia-Che Wu 3 , Kevin Sheng-Po Yuan 3 , Alexander T.H. Wu 4 and Szu-Yuan Wu 5,6,7 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 2 School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 4 The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 5 Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 7 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan Correspondence to: Szu-Yuan Wu, email: // Keywords : head and neck cancer; recurrence; incidence; survival; prognostic factors Received : June 09, 2016 Accepted : February 15, 2017 Published : March 17, 2017 Abstract Purpose: For locoregionally recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), appropriate therapeutic decisions remain unclear. We examined the treatment outcomes of a national cohort to determine suitable treatments for and prognostic factors in patients with locoregionally recurrent HNSCCs at different stages and sites. Patients and methods: We analyzed data of >20-year-old patients with HNSCC at American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical stages I–IV without metastasis from Taiwan National Health Insurance and cancer registry databases. The index date was the date of recurrent HNSCC diagnosis. Recurrent HNSCC was defined as the annotation of locoregional recurrence with tissue proof in cancer registry databases. The enrolled patients were categorized into three groups: Group 1 comprised those undergoing chemotherapy (CT) alone; Group 2 comprised those receiving reirradiation (re-RT) alone (total radiation dose ≥ 60 Gy through intensity modulation radiation therapy [IMRT]); Group 3 comprised those receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) alone (irradiation total dose ≥60 Gy through IMRT); and Group 4 comprised those receiving salvage surgery with or without RT or CT. Results: We enrolled 4,839 and 28,664 HNSCC patients with and without locoregional recurrence, respectively (median follow-up, 3.25 years). Locoregional recurrence rate and incidence were 14.44% and 40.73 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Age ≥ 65 years, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score > 6, advanced clinical stage at first diagnosis, and recurrence-free interval < 1 year were significant independent prognostic risk factors for overall survival as per univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. After adjusting for age, sex, CCI scores, clinical stage at first diagnosis, and recurrence-free interval, adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for overall mortality in recurrent clinical stages I and II were 0.63 (0.45–0.89, p = 0.009), 0.65 (0.52–0.83, p < 0.001), and 0.32 (0.26–0.40, p < 0.001) in Groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, whereas they were 1.23 (0.99–1.52, p = 0.062), 0.69 (0.60–0.79, p < 0.001), and 0.39 (0.34–0.44, p < 0.001) for Groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, for overall mortality in recurrent clinical stage III and IV. Conclusions: Age, CCI score, clinical stage at first diagnosis, and recurrence-free interval are significant independent prognostic factors for overall survival of recurrent HNSCC patients. Regardless of recurrence stage or site, salvage surgery is the recommended first recurrent HNSCC treatment choice. Re-RT alone and CCRT are more suitable for inoperable recurrent early-stage oral and nonoral cavity recurrent HNSCCs, respectively.