Interfacing spin qubits in quantum dots and donors—hot, dense, and coherent

TLDR

Semiconductor spin qubits are a promising platform for large‑scale quantum circuits due to their scalability, high density, long coherence times, and compatibility with conventional electronics, but scaling requires addressing unique wiring, interconnect, and cryogenic (≤100 mK) challenges. The review aims to examine strategies for overcoming the wiring, interconnect, and cryogenic challenges that hinder scaling of electron‑spin‑based quantum circuits. The authors survey various approaches—including architectural, control‑signal, and thermal‑management techniques—to enable scalable spin‑qubit quantum circuits.

Abstract

Semiconductor spins are one of the few qubit realizations that remain a serious candidate for the implementation of large-scale quantum circuits. Excellent scalability is often argued for spin qubits defined by lithography and controlled via electrical signals, based on the success of conventional semiconductor integrated circuits. However, the wiring and interconnect requirements for quantum circuits are completely different from those for classical circuits, as individual DC, pulsed and in some cases microwave control signals need to be routed from external sources to every qubit. This is further complicated by the requirement that these spin qubits currently operate at temperatures below 100 mK. Here we review several strategies that are considered to address this crucial challenge in scaling quantum circuits based on electron spin qubits. Key assets of spin qubits include the potential to operate at 1 to 4 K, the high density of quantum dots or donors combined with possibilities to space them apart as needed, the extremely long spin coherence times, and the rich options for integration with classical electronics based on the same technology.