Exit-Tests: Is There an Alternative?.

Validity and washback in language testing

Samuel Messick · Language Testing · 1996 · 858 citations

Second Language Learning, Language Education, Education +21

Does Washback Exist?

J. Charles Alderson, D. Wall · Applied Linguistics · 1993 · 812 citations

Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers

Mary Lee Smith · Educational Researcher · 1991 · 479 citations

Teacher Education, Performance Studies, External Testing +12

Evaluating Test Validity

Lorrie A. Shepard · Review of Research in Education · 1993 · 467 citations

Reliability, Method Validation, Engineering +9

Raising Standardized Achievement Test Scores and the Origins of Test Score Pollution

Thomas M. Haladyna, Susan Bobbitt Nolen, Nancy S. Haas · Educational Researcher · 1991 · 261 citations

Teacher Education, Public Education, Student Assessment +14