Critical roles of soluble starch synthase SSIIIa and granule-bound starch synthase Waxy in synthesizing resistant starch in rice

Abstract

Changes in human lifestyle and food consumption have resulted in a large increase in the incidence of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and colon disease, especially in Asia. These conditions are a growing threat to human health, but consumption of foods high in resistant starch (RS) can potentially reduce their incidence. Strategies to increase RS in rice are limited by a lack of knowledge of its molecular basis. Through map-based cloning of a RS locus in <i>indica</i> rice, we have identified a defective soluble starch synthase gene (<i>SSIIIa</i>) responsible for RS production and further showed that RS production is dependent on the high expression of the <i>Waxy^a</i> (<i>Wx</i>^<i>a</i> ) allele, which is prevalent in <i>indica</i> varieties. The resulting RS has modified granule structure; high amylose, lipid, and amylose-lipid complex; and altered physicochemical properties. This discovery provides an opportunity to increase RS content of cooked rice, especially in the <i>indica</i> varieties, which predominates in southern Asia.