Use of a new proximity assay (NanoBRET) to investigate the ligand‐binding characteristics of three fluorescent ligands to the human<i>β</i>₁‐adrenoceptor expressed in HEK‐293 cells

Abstract

Previous research has indicated that allosteric interactions across the dimer interface of <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptors may be responsible for a secondary low affinity binding conformation. Here we have investigated the potential for probe dependence, in the determination of antagonist pK_i values at the human <i>β</i>₁-adenoceptor, which may result from such allosterism interactions. Three fluorescent <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor ligands were used to investigate this using bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) between the receptor-bound fluorescent ligand and the N-terminal NanoLuc tag of a human <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor expressed in HEK 293 cells (NanoBRET). This proximity assay showed high-affinity-specific binding to the NanoLuc- <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor with each of the three fluorescent ligands yielding <i>K</i>_D values of 87.1 ± 10 nmol/L (<i>n</i> = 8), 38.1 ± 12 nmol/L (<i>n</i> = 7), 13.4 ± 2 nmol/L (<i>n</i> = 14) for propranolol-Peg8-BY630, propranolol- <i>β</i>(Ala-Ala)-BY630 and CGP-12177-TMR, respectively. Parallel radioligand-binding studies with ³H-CGP12177 and TIRF microscopy, to monitor NanoLuc bioluminescence, confirmed a high cell surface expression of the NanoLuc- <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor in HEK 293 cells (circa 1500 fmol.mg protein^-1). Following a 1 h incubation with fluorescent ligands and <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor competing antagonists, there were significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.001) in the pK_i values obtained for CGP20712a and CGP 12177 with the different fluorescent ligands and ³H-CGP 12177. However, increasing the incubation time to 2 h removed these significant differences. The data obtained show that the NanoBRET assay can be applied successfully to study ligand-receptor interactions at the human <i>β</i>₁-adrenoceptor. However, the study also emphasizes the importance of ensuring that both the fluorescent and competing ligands are in true equilibrium before interpretations regarding probe dependence can be made.