Solvent-dependent fluorescent-colorimetric probe for dual monitoring of Al³⁺ and Cu²⁺ in aqueous solution: an application to bio-imaging

Abstract

A novel, quinoline-based smart probe L has been designed for the detection of Al(3+) and Cu(2+) at physiological range. The unprecedented solvent-dependent sensitivities of the probe L for simultaneous detection of Al(3+) and Cu(2+) ions with high selectivity and sensitivity have been observed for the first time. It displays quick responses through visible colorimetric as well as fluorogenic changes towards both Al(3+) and Cu(2+), as delineated by absorption and fluorescence titrations. The sensitivity of the fluorescence-based assay (12.6 nM) for Al(3+) and (18.4 nM) for Cu(2+) is far below the limit recommended in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. From (1)H NMR data, the Job plot and the ESI-MS spectrum, 1 : 2 stoichiometric complexations between L and both metals have been established. The geometry and spectral property of L and its metal complexes have been well rationalized by DFT calculations. This probe L has been tested as being highly suitable for mapping Al(3+) and Cu(2+) in human breast cancer cells, MCF7, thus providing a wonderful candidate for tracking Al(3+) and Cu(2+) in biological organisms and processes. The proposed chemosensor L has also been successfully applied for analysis of real samples.