X-Radiography, an Analytical Tool in Population Studies of the Leafcutter Bee<i>Megachile Pacifica</i>

Abstract

SummaryThe contents and condition of cells of Megachile pacifica could be rapidly and accurately determined by X-radiography. Investigations are described and illustrated on loose cells, in white and Kraft paper straws, and cell series in sections of pre-drilled boards. Live and dead larvae, pupae and adults, pollen masses, parasites (Monodontomerus obscurus, Sapyga pumila, Nemognatha lurida), chalkbrood, and an unidentified disease, were determined from radiographs. The method is rapid and inexpensive, and should have a broad application in bee research and in commerce.