Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), novel biomarker for assessing atrial fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic heart disease.

Abstract

GDF-15 might involve in the development and maintenance of atrial fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation and rheumatic heart disease, and GDF-15 could be used as a novel biomarker to evaluate myocardial fibrosis in the future.