Methods in molecular biology · 2012 · 196 citations · 13 references
PharmacyBiotechnologyMolecular BiologyAntibody EngineeringMonoclonal AntibodiesProtein EngineeringAntibody DiscoveryAntibody Fragment EngineeringAntibody PurificationAntibody StructureRecombinant AntibodiesRecombinant Antibody ProductionCamelid Single-domain AntibodiesCamelid Single-domain Antibody EngineeringCombinatorial Antibody EngineeringSingle-chain Variable Fragment ConstructionSingle-domain Antibody Libraries
Immunizing a camelid (camels and llamas) with soluble, properly folded proteins raises an affinity-matured immune response in the unique camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (HCAbs). The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the immunized animal are used to clone the antigen-binding antibody fragment from the HCAbs in a phage display vector. A representative aliquot of the library of these antigen-binding fragments is used to retrieve single domain antigen-specific binders by successive rounds of panning. These single domain antibody fragments are cloned in tandem to generate manifold constructs (bivalent, biparatopic or bispecific constructs) to increase their functional affinity, to increase specificity, or to connect two independent antigen molecules.
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Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual
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Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains
C. Hamers‐Casterman, T. Atarhouch, Serge Muyldermans et al. · Nature · 1993 · 3.2K citations
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Targeting and tracing antigens in live cells with fluorescent nanobodies
Ulrich Rothbauer, Kourosh Zolghadr, Danny Nowak et al. · Nature Methods · 2006 · 724 citations
Potent enzyme inhibitors derived from dromedary heavy‐chain antibodies
Marc Lauwereys · The EMBO Journal · 1998 · 487 citations · Full text