New advances in theory and application of fault-related folding

Abstract

Rich introduced the geometry of fault-bend fold of the Appalachian Mountains in 1934. Half a century later, Suppe first quantified it, and established relationships between fold geometry, fault geometry and fault slip that led to the foundation of the theory of fault-related folding. Since then, much of progress has been made not only in establishing the geometric and kinematic models of the end-members such as fault-propagation folding and fault-detachment folding, but also in putting forward a series of superimposed models of fault-related folds such as imbricate structures, tectonic wedges, and interference structures, etc.. Concerning syntectonic sedimentation, growth fault-related folding theory was set forth giving a quantitative representation between sedimentation and the fault-slip rate, folding rate, and uplifting rate. As far as the mechanical stratigraphy and deformation character are concerned, the shear fault-bend folding is put forward. A series of mechanical models are established as being well based on experimental analog models and the numerical modeling techniques. During the years since its foundation, the basic methodology of fault-related folding theory has seen the transition from 2D cross-section or map-view to full 3D analysis, and advances in geometric and kinematic models to mechanical analytical models. The theory and methodology of fault-related folding have played an important role in engineering geology, the earthquake hazard assessment and preparedness, and, more important, the petroleum exploration and development. It has been used worldwide in the study of the above-mentioned domains.