Iridium(III) Anthraquinone Complexes as Two‐Photon Phosphorescence Probes for Mitochondria Imaging and Tracking under Hypoxia

Abstract

In the present study, four mitochondria-specific and two-photon phosphorescence iridium(III) complexes, Ir1-Ir4, were developed for mitochondria imaging in hypoxic tumor cells. The iridium(III) complex has two anthraquinone groups that are hypoxia-sensitive moieties. The phosphorescence of the iridium(III) complex was quenched by the functions of the intramolecular quinone unit, and it was restored through two-electron bioreduction under hypoxia. When the probes were reduced by reductase to hydroquinone derivative products under hypoxia, a significant enhancement in phosphorescence intensity was observed under one- (λ=405 nm) and two-photon (λ=720 nm) excitation, with a two-photon absorption cross section of 76-153 GM at λ=720 nm. More importantly, these probes possessed excellent specificity for mitochondria, which allowed imaging and tracking of the mitochondrial morphological changes in a hypoxic environment over a long period of time. Moreover, the probes can visualize hypoxic mitochondria in 3D multicellular spheroids and living zebrafish through two-photon phosphorescence imaging.