Chemodynamic therapy is a therapeutic modality within cancer research that utilizes Fenton or Fenton-like reactions catalyzed by metal ions to convert endogenous or delivered hydrogen peroxide into cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, primarily hydroxyl radicals, for selective tumor cell ablation. As an academic concept and research field, it investigates strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy by optimizing catalyst design, exploiting tumor microenvironment characteristics (such as elevated hydrogen peroxide and pH), and improving reactive oxygen species generation and lifetime.