Role of the Surface Lewis Acid and Base Sites in the Adsorption of CO₂ on Titania Nanotubes and Platinized Titania Nanotubes: An in Situ FT-IR Study

Abstract

An understanding of the adsorption of CO 2, the first step in its photoreduction, is necessary for a full understanding of the photoreduction process. As such, the reactive adsorption of CO 2 on oxidized, reduced, and platinized TiO 2 nanotubes (Ti-NTs) was studied using infrared spectroscopy. The Ti-NTs were characterized with TEM and XRD, and XPS was used to determine the oxidation state as a function of oxidation, reduction, and platinization. The XPS data demonstrate that upon oxidation, surface O atoms become more electronegative, producing sites that can be characterized as strong Lewis bases, and the corresponding Ti becomes more electropositive producing sites that can be characterized as strong Lewis acids. Reduction of the Ti-NTs produces Ti 3+ species, a very weak Lewis acid, along with a splitting of the Ti 4+ peak, representing two sites, which correlate with O sites with a corresponding change in oxidation state. Ti 3+ is not observed on reduction of the platinized Ti-NTs, presumably because Pt acts as an electron sink. Exposure of the treated Ti-NTs to CO 2 leads to the formation of differing amounts of bidentate and monodentate carbonates, as well as bicarbonates, where the preference for formation of a given species is rationalized in terms of surface Lewis acidity and or Lewis basicity and the availability of hydrogen. Our data suggest that one source of hydrogen is water that remains adsorbed to the Ti-NTs even after heating to 350 °C and that reduced platinized NTs can activate H 2 . Carboxylates, which involve CO 2 – moieties and are similar to what would be expected for adsorbed CO 2 –, a postulated intermediate in CO 2 photoreduction, are also observed but only on the reduced Ti-NTs, which is the only surface on which Ti 3+ /O vacancy formation is observed.