Journal of Leukocyte Biology · 2002 · 478 citations · 216 references
MedicineImmunologyOncologyApoptosisCancer ImmunologyTumor ImmunologyAntitumor T Cell ResponsesApoptosis ResistanceCancer ImmunotherapyImmune Checkpoint RegulationImmune Evasion In CancerTumor ImmunopathologyApoptosis In Cancer ImmunityApoptosis Resistance In TumorsCancer Immunotherapy ResistanceImmune Evasion By TumorsImmune RejectionImmune Rejection MechanismsImmune System InteractionsMultiple Resistance Mechanisms
Interactions between the immune system and malignant cells, and the failure to detect transformed cells, drive tumorigenesis, yet many escape mechanisms are known and immunotherapy remains largely ineffective clinically. The review aims to discuss tumor immune‑escape mechanisms, with a particular focus on apoptosis‑related strategies. It examines how tumors evade immune‑mediated apoptosis through cellular and molecular escape pathways.
Interactions between the immune system and malignant cells play an important role in tumorigenesis. Failure of the immune system to detect and reject transformed cells may lead to cancer development. Tumors use multiple mechanisms to escape from immune-mediated rejection. Many of these mechanisms are now known on a cellular and molecular level. Despite this knowledge, cancer immunotherapy is still not an established treatment in the clinic. This review discusses the immune escape mechanisms used by tumors with an emphasis on mechanisms related to apoptosis.
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bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death
Lawrence Boise, Maribel González‐García, C E Postema et al. · Cell · 1993 · 3.1K citations · Full text