Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: theory and application to non-spherical stars

TLDR

The authors present a new hydrodynamic code that can be applied to polytropic stellar models in any number of dimensions. The method uses statistical techniques to derive analytical expressions for physical variables from a fluid element distribution, with equations of motion expressed as Newtonian particle equations. The method reproduces the structure of uniformly rotating and magnetic polytropes within a few percent using ~80 particles in 3D, and can be extended to more complex models.

Abstract

A new hydrodynamic code applicable to a space of an arbitrary number of dimensions is discussed and applied to a variety of polytropic stellar models. The principal feature of the method is the use of statistical techniques to recover analytical expressions for the physical variables from a known distribution of fluid elements. The equations of motion take the form of Newtonian equations for particles. Starting with a non-axisymmetric distribution of approximately 80 particles in three dimensions, the method is found to reproduce the structure of uniformly rotating and magnetic polytropes to within a few per cent. The method may be easily extended to deal with more complicated physical models.