Ethics of Plant Breeding: The IFOAM Basic Principles as a Guide for the Evolution of Organic Plant Breeding

Abstract

When it comes to discussions on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and organic agriculture, biotechnologists often ask: “Why are your rules so strict? Why ban GMOs when they are the only tool to secure the world’s future need for food? They are more efficient, quicker, etc!” When asked these questions I explain the underlying values of organic agriculture. In this article I will discuss the basic values of organic agriculture as laid down in the IFOAM four basic principles, and will relate them to the field of plant breeding. I also discuss the consequences and challenges for the further development of organic plant breeding.