Bit error probability of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation

Abstract

So far the general expression of bit error rate (BER) has not been derived for M-ary square quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In this paper, a generalized closed-form BER expression of M-ary square QAM with Gray code bit mapping is derived and analyzed in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.