Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · 2001 · 790 citations · 48 references
Social SciencesBehavioral SciencesPsychologyHealth PsychologySelfWriting InstructionAutobiographical WritingLife WritingMental HealthAutobiographical Trauma WritingFuture Health BenefitsLife GoalsWell-being
Eighty‑one undergraduates completed 20‑minute daily writing sessions over four days, randomly assigned to trauma, future‑self, both, or control topics, with mood, health, and well‑being assessed before, after, and three weeks later. Writing about life goals was less upsetting than trauma and increased subjective well‑being, and five months later, all self‑regulatory topics—including trauma, future self, or both—reduced illness relative to controls, showing that self‑regulatory writing yields health benefits comparable to trauma writing.
In a variation on Pennebaker’s writing paradigm, a sample of 81 undergraduates wrote about one of four topics for 20 minutes each day for 4 consecutive days. Participants were randomly assigned to write about their most traumatic life event, their best possible future self, both of these topics, or a nonemotional control topic. Mood was measured before and after writing and health center data for illness were obtained with participant consent. Three weeks later, measures of subjective well-being were obtained. Writing about life goals was significantly less upsetting than writing about trauma and was associated with a significant increase in subjective well-being. Five months after writing, a significant interaction emerged such that writing about trauma, one’s best possible self, or both were associated with decreased illness compared with controls. Results indicate that writing about self-regulatory topics can be associated with the same health benefits as writing about trauma.
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Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
Choice Reviews Online · 1992 · 37.2K citations
Hazel Rose Markus, Paula S. Nurius · American Psychologist · 1986 · 5.1K citations
Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process
James W. Pennebaker · Psychological Science · 1997 · 2.5K citations
Education, Counseling, Psychology +11