Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.

TLDR

The study tested whether stigmatized individuals protect self‑esteem by attributing negative feedback to prejudice. Experiment 1 involved 59 women receiving feedback from a prejudiced evaluator, while experiment 2 included 38 Black and 45 White students who received feedback from a White evaluator who either could or could not see them. Women who attributed negative feedback to prejudice reported less depression, and Black students were more likely to attribute feedback to prejudice—being seen by the evaluator protected Black students from negative feedback but harmed them when receiving positive feedback.

Abstract

Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that the stigmatized can protect their self-esteem by attributing negative feedback to prejudice. Fifty-nine women participated in the 1st experiment. Women who received negative feedback from a prejudiced evaluator attributed the feedback to his prejudice and reported less depressed affect than women who received negative feedback from a nonprejudiced evaluator. In the 2nd experiment, 38 Black and 45 White students received interpersonal feedback from a White evaluator, who cither could see them or could not. Compared with Whites, Blacks were more likely to attribute negative feedback to prejudice than positive feedback and were more likely to attribute both types of feedback to prejudice when they could be seen by the other student. Being seen by the evaluator buffered the self-esteem of Blacks from negative feedback but hurt the self-esteem of Blacks who received positive feedback.