Dilated Networks for Photonic Switching

Abstract

We present some novel architectures for rearrangeably nonblocking multistage photonic space switches implemented using arrays of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ti:LiNbO_{3}</tex> directional couplers. Multistage networks, studied mostly in the electronic domain, are obtained by minimizing the number of 2 × 2 elements needed to implement a switch. Unfortunately, straightforward extensions of these networks to the photonic domain show that the switch size has to be severely limited by the crosstalk in each of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ti:LiNbO_{3} 2 \times 2</tex> switching elements. Our networks, on the other hand, have a controllable (including almost zero) amount of crosstalk, low optical path loss, and an asymptotically optimal number of directional coupler switches for a given switch size. In addition, the switch has a simple control algorithm and its performance for light loading appears very promising. The switch is easily decomposable into smaller arrays of no more than two types, making it easy to partition the switch into chips. At the cost of a slight increase in crosstalk, the switch can be made single fault tolerant in terms of its ability to connect any input to any output.