Physical Review · 1962 · 110 citations · 3 references
Natural SciencesPhysicsElectromagnetismMathematical PhysicsParticle PhysicsCanonical TransformationsElementary ParticlesGauge TheoryLie AlgebrasLie GroupsQuantum Field TheoryAbelian Gauge TheoryGauge ConnectionsGauge Field TheoryGauge PotentialsGauge TransformationsIndependent VariablesMassless ParticlesNon-abelian Gauge Theory
The question is raised for non-Abelian vector gauge fields whether gauge invariance necessarily implies a massless physical particle. As a preliminary to studying this problem, the action principle is used to discover the independent dynamical variables of such gauge fields and construct their commutation relations.
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Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance
Chongming Yang, R Mills · Physical Review · 1954 · 3.2K citations · Full text
J. J. Sakurai · Annals of Physics · 1960 · 1.2K citations
Julian Schwinger · Physical Review · 1962 · 834 citations