Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Enhances Microvascular Tone and Reduces Blood Flow in the Cochlea via Enhanced Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling

Abstract

TNF-α indeed reduces cochlear blood flow via activation of vascular sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. This integrates hearing loss into the family of ischemic microvascular pathologies, with implications for risk stratification, diagnosis, and treatment.