Graft Laceration and Pullout Strength of Soft‐Tissue Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: In Vitro Study Comparing Titanium, Poly‐D,L‐Lactide, and Poly‐D,L‐Lactide–Tricalcium Phosphate Screws

Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of part 1 of this study was to compare the structural properties of tibia-graft-interference screw constructs of soft-tissue graft fixation via the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) by use of different interference screws. In part 2 the influence of graft laceration as a result of 1 single interference screw insertion on the mechanical properties of the graft was evaluated. METHODS: In part 1 of the study, in a bovine knee model, soft-tissue graft fixation with titanium, biodegradable poly-D,L-lactide (PLDLA), and PLDLA-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) interference screws was performed, and the structural properties were determined by use of a materials testing machine at a rate of 12.5 mm/s. In part 2 the bone was cut after 1 single insertion of titanium, PLDLA, or PLDLA-TCP interference screws, and the mechanical properties of the graft were determined. RESULTS: Soft-tissue graft fixation with a biodegradable PLDLA interference screw showed a statistically significantly higher maximum load when compared with PLDLA-TCP and titanium interference screws. PLDLA-TCP screw fixation revealed a significantly higher ultimate load than titanium screw fixation. The mechanical properties of the grafts after 1 single insertion of PLDLA-TCP interference screws showed a statistically significantly higher stiffness, yield load, and maximum load when compared with the PLDLA and titanium interference screw groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the use of a titanium screw to fix a soft-tissue graft in cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery may cause damage to the graft. Soft-tissue ACL reconstruction fixed with a PLDLA interference screw resulted in a significantly higher pullout strength than ACL reconstructions fixed with a PLDLA-TCP or titanium interference screw. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In contrast to fixation with a biodegradable interference screw, fixation with a titanium interference screw may damage the integrity of a soft-tissue graft in cruciate ligament reconstruction and should therefore be avoided.