International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · 2004 · 112 citations · 18 references
AgricultureNutritionNutritional SciencesDietary AssessmentExercise PhysiologyHuman NutritionNutrition For Endurance SportsPhysical FitnessBody Mass ChangeDietary Patterns For AthletesEnduranceEndurance Athlete NutritionMacronutrient Intake AssessmentMacronutrient Intake EstimationRunnersTotal Energy Intake
Elite Kenyan distance runners consume a high‑carbohydrate, low‑fat diet that largely meets endurance‑athlete recommendations, yet it is unclear whether adjusting energy balance and fluid intake could improve performance. The study compared the runners’ macronutrient and energy intake to established endurance‑athlete guidelines. Runners’ energy intake (≈2987 kcal) fell short of expenditure (≈3605 kcal) and body mass decreased, while protein intake met recommendations and fluid consumption remained modest.
The food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan runners was compared to recommendations for endurance athletes. Estimated energy intake (EI: 2987 +/- 293 kcal; mean +/- standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 +/- 119 kcal; P < 0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 +/- 2.7 kg vs. 58.3 +/- 2.6 kg; P < 0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 0.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4 %). Protein intake (10.1 %; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 +/- 269 mL; 0.34 +/- 0.16 mL/kcal) and tea (1243 +/- 348 mL). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners.
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Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Schofield Wn · PubMed · 1985 · 2.9K citations
Bengt Saltin, Henrik Larsen, Nicolás Terrados et al. · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · 1995 · 251 citations · Full text
Education, Kinesiology, Physiology +17
Nationwide Survey on Nutritional Habits in Elite Athletes
A. van Erp-Baart, W.H.M. Saris, R. A. Binkhorst et al. · International Journal of Sports Medicine · 1989 · 176 citations