Journal of Wildlife Diseases · 1988 · 39 citations · 14 references
Veterinary MedicineInfectious DiseasesMicrobiologyFish PathologyFoodborne Disease EpidemiologyIchthyologyFish Disease SurveillanceMicrobial Toxins In FoodBotulinum ToxinsEmerging Fish PathogensFish Contamination
An epizootic of type E botulism (Clostridium botulinum) occurred among common loons (Gavia immer) along the Lake Michigan shore of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (USA) during October and November 1983. An estimated 592 dead loons washed ashore along the Garden Peninsula. Type E botulinal toxin was demonstrated in blood samples and stomach contents of dead loons, and in samples of three species of dead fish found on the Lake Michigan shore. We suspect that loons acquired botulism by ingesting sick or dead fish containing type E toxin.
14
Manual of Clinical Microbiology.
Annals of Internal Medicine · 1980 · 14.5K citations
Type E botulism: its epidemiology, prevention and specific treatment.
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i> Type E in Fish from the Great Lakes
Thomas L. Bott, Janet S. Deffner, Elizabeth McCoy et al. · Journal of Bacteriology · 1966 · 55 citations · Full text