1c:I[419806,["/_next/static/chunks/bb923814e1f4d2e9.js","/_next/static/chunks/dd3ee9f5b7716ca6.js","/_next/static/chunks/4204a0ae82542ca8.js","/_next/static/chunks/1270dead247da766.js","/_next/static/chunks/6e1aa89a642f40be.js","/_next/static/chunks/2d7aa753e81324a8.js","/_next/static/chunks/8ffd0b71567920d8.js","/_next/static/chunks/67ea6dfd21f16c5f.js","/_next/static/chunks/24eb4379f68013fd.js","/_next/static/chunks/b8cd775ffdf935bd.js","/_next/static/chunks/983103cd9eb7b428.js","/_next/static/chunks/263f2cdcb9aa2341.js","/_next/static/chunks/294b9525248c8e5f.js"],"default"] 1d:T45b,Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) using glucose as nonprotein calories was associated with increases in O₂consumption (V̇O₂) and CO₂production (V̇CO₂). The magnitude of the changes was a function of the patient's clinical state and glucose load. Depleted patients showed a minimal increase in V̇O₂, while V̇CO₂increased 23%. Minute ventilation (V̇_E) increased 32%. Hypermetabolic patients (major trauma, sepsis) had a 30% increase in VO₂and a 57% increase in V̇CO₂, while V̇_Eincreased 71%. Patients with mild to moderate injuries (energy expenditure ±15% of normal) showed a 21% increase in V̇O₂and a 53% increase in V̇CO₂, while V̇_Eincreased 121%. Large carbohydrate intakes were associated with increases in CO₂production in all patients, while increases in O₂consumption were seen primarily in hypermetabolic patients. These changes suggest that the high glucose loads of TPN may be a physiologic stress. (JAMA243:1444-1447, 1980)1e:T71e,

	Year	Citations

References