iAMCTD: Improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier Nodes in Threshold-Optimized DBR Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

TLDR

The protocol exploits network density for time‑critical applications, unlike existing depth‑based acoustic protocols. We propose iAMCTD, a forwarding‑function based routing protocol that improves adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold‑optimized depth‑based routing for underwater sensor networks. To mitigate flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, the protocol calculates optimal holding time and employs routing metrics such as LSNR, SQI, ECF, and DDF, while providing on‑demand routing through hard and soft thresholds and a prime energy limit. Simulations confirm that iAMCTD is effective and efficient.

Abstract

We propose forwarding-function ([Formula: see text]) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time ([Formula: see text]) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold ([Formula: see text]), soft threshold ([Formula: see text]), and prime energy limit ([Formula: see text]). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.