The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: A family of nuclear receptors role in various diseases

TLDR

PPARs are ligand‑activated transcription factors comprising PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ, which regulate energy homeostasis, triglyceride levels, insulin sensitivity, and fatty‑acid metabolism. This review aims to critically evaluate the protective and detrimental effects of PPAR agonists across dyslipidemia, diabetes, adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, cancer, lung diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, fertility, pain, and obesity. The authors conduct a comprehensive literature analysis of PPAR agonist actions in these disease contexts.

Abstract

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily comprising of the following three subtypes: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. Activation of PPAR-α reduces triglyceride level and is involved in regulation of energy homeostasis. Activation of PPAR-γ causes insulin sensitization and enhances glucose metabolism, whereas activation of PPAR-β/δ enhances fatty acids metabolism. Thus, PPAR family of nuclear receptors plays a major regulatory role in energy homeostasis and metabolic function. The present review critically analyzes the protective and detrimental effect of PPAR agonists in dyslipidemia, diabetes, adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, cancer, lung diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, fertility or reproduction, pain, and obesity.