Design challenges of technology scaling

TLDR

Scaling advanced CMOS technology aims to reduce gate delay, double transistor density, and cut energy per transition, thereby improving performance, increasing density, and lowering power consumption in line with scaling theory. The article examines past scaling trends, assesses whether microprocessor technology has met scaling theory goals, and projects future challenges if current trajectories persist. The study analyzes performance, transistor density, and power trends across successive Intel microprocessor generations to identify potential scaling, performance, and integration limiters, with findings applicable to other logic designs.

Abstract

Scaling advanced CMOS technology to the next generation improves performance, increases transistor density, and reduces power consumption. Technology scaling typically has three main goals: 1) reduce gate delay by 30%, resulting in an increase in operating frequency of about 43%; 2) double transistor density; and 3) reduce energy per transition by about 65%, saving 50% of power (at a 43% increase in frequency). These are not ad hoc goals; rather, they follow scaling theory. This article looks closely at past trends in technology scaling and how well microprocessor technology and products have met these goals. It also projects the challenges that lie ahead if these trends continue. This analysis uses data from various Intel microprocessors; however, this study is equally applicable to other types of logic designs. Is process technology meeting the goals predicted by scaling theory? An analysis of microprocessor performance, transistor density, and power trends through successive technology generations helps identify potential limiters of scaling, performance, and integration.