Journal of Apicultural Research · 2013 · 285 citations · 61 references
Life SciencesBiologyEntomologyInsect EcologyInsect PathologyMycologyFungal Diseases Of InsectsFungal PathogenesisFungal PathologyInsect Disease EcologyInsect PathogensPathogenesis In InsectsColony Health AssessmentEmerging Fungal PathogensFungal-insect Pest InteractionsHoney Bee ManagementInsect MycosisPathogen SporesPathogen-host InteractionsPulmonary Aspergillosis
Chalkbrood and stonebrood are two fungal diseases associated with honey bee brood.Chalkbrood, caused by Ascosphaera apis, is a common and widespread disease that can result in severe reduction of emerging worker bees and thus overall colony productivity.Stonebrood is caused by Aspergillus spp. that are rarely observed, so the impact on colony health is not very well understood.A major concern with the presence of Aspergillus in honey bees is the production of airborne conidia, which can lead to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma, or even invasive aspergillosis in lung tissues upon inhalation by humans.In the current chapter we describe the honey bee disease symptoms of these fungal pathogens.In addition, we provide research methodologies and protocols for isolating and culturing, in vivo and in vitro assays that are commonly used to study these host pathogen interactions.We give guidelines on the preferred methods used in current research and the application of molecular techniques.We have added photographs, drawings and illustrations to assist bee-extension personnel and bee scientists in the control of these two diseases. Mtodos estndar para la investigacin de enfermedades fngicas de la cra ResumenLa ascosferiosis (o cra yesificada) y cra de piedra son dos enfermedades fngicas asociadas con la cra de la abeja melfera.La ascosferiosis, causada por el hongo Ascosphaera apis, es una enfermedad comn de amplia distribucin que puede resultar en una severa disminucin en el nmero de obreras emergentes y por lo tanto afecta la productividad de la colonia.La cra de piedra es causada por Aspergillus spp.los cuales son raramente observados y su impacto en la salud de la colonia no est esclarecido.El mayor problema con la presencia de Aspergillus en abejas es la produccin de conidios areos, que pueden llevar a aspergillosis broncopulmonares alrgicas, aspergilomas pulmonares o aun aspergilosis invasivas en tejidos pulmonares en humanos luego de inhalarlos.En este captulo describimos los sntomas de las enfermedades producidas por estos patgenos fngicos.Adems proveemos metodologas de investigacin y protocolos para su aislamiento y cultivo, ensayos in vivo e in vitro que son comnmente usados para estudiar las interacciones de estos patgenos con su hospedero.Damos una gua sobre los mtodos preferidos utilizados en la investigacin actual y la aplicacin de tcnicas de moleculares.
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Conrad L. Schoch, Keith A. Seifert, Sabine M. Huhndorf et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2012 · 5.1K citations · Full text
Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny
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Life Sciences, Biology, Microbiology +17
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