Case–Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004

TLDR

An aflatoxicosis outbreak in eastern Kenya from January to June 2004 caused 317 cases and 125 deaths. The study aimed to identify risk factors for maize contamination and quantify biomarkers linked to acute aflatoxicosis. A case‑control study recruited 40 aflatoxicosis patients and 80 controls, collected maize and blood samples, and analyzed aflatoxin levels and biomarkers. Higher aflatoxin in homegrown maize, elevated serum adducts associated with mortality, and hepatitis B positivity were all linked to case status, highlighting key risk indicators.

Abstract

During January-June 2004, an aflatoxicosis outbreak in eastern Kenya resulted in 317 cases and 125 deaths. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for contamination of implicated maize and, for the first time, quantitated biomarkers associated with acute aflatoxicosis.We administered questionnaires regarding maize storage and consumption and obtained maize and blood samples from participants.We recruited 40 case-patients with aflatoxicosis and 80 randomly selected controls to participate in this study.We analyzed maize for total aflatoxins and serum for aflatoxin B1-lysine albumin adducts and hepatitis B surface antigen. We used regression and survival analyses to explore the relationship between aflatoxins, maize consumption, hepatitis B surface antigen, and case status.Homegrown (not commercial) maize kernels from case households had higher concentrations of aflatoxins than did kernels from control households [geometric mean (GM) = 354.53 ppb vs. 44.14 ppb; p = 0.04]. Serum adduct concentrations were associated with time from jaundice to death [adjusted hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.6]. Case patients had positive hepatitis B titers [odds ratio (OR) = 9.8; 95% CI, 1.5-63.1] more often than controls. Case patients stored wet maize (OR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.2-10.3) inside their homes (OR = 12.0; 95% CI, 1.5-95.7) rather than in granaries more often than did controls.Aflatoxin concentrations in maize, serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct concentrations, and positive hepatitis B surface antigen titers were all associated with case status.The novel methods and risk factors described may help health officials prevent future outbreaks of aflatoxicosis.