The effect of chewing gum on self-reported nicotine withdrawal: Is it the flavor, the act of chewing, or both?

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Todd F. Heatherton, Lynn T. Kozlowski, Richard C. Frecker et al. · British Journal of Addiction · 1991 · 10.8K citations

Public Health, Behavioral Sciences, Health Psychology +13

Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation

Neal L. Benowitz, Peyton Jacob, Karen Ahijevych et al. · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · 2002 · 1.8K citations · Full text

Public Health, Biochemistry, Tobacco Control +11

Signs and Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal

John R. Hughes · Archives of General Psychiatry · 1986 · 1.7K citations

Medicine, Psychiatry, Psychology +17

Reliability of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence

Cynthia S. Pomerleau, Solange Carton, Mary L. Lutzke et al. · Addictive Behaviors · 1994 · 731 citations · Full text

Social Sciences, Pharmacology, Psychometrics +12

Nicotine addiction and its assessment.

K.O. Fagerström, Todd F. Heatherton, L T Kozlowski · PubMed · 1990 · 554 citations

Public Health, Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatry +12