An Integrated Model of Women's Representation

TLDR

Representation is a complex, multi‑dimensional construct, yet most empirical studies treat its dimensions separately, producing an incomplete picture. The study aims to test an integrated model of representation linking formal, descriptive, substantive, and symbolic dimensions. The authors operationalize this model by linking formal, descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. Data from 31 democracies confirm that the dimensions of representation are interrelated, that electoral systems strongly influence descriptive and symbolic representation, that descriptive representation boosts responsiveness to women’s policy concerns and legitimacy perceptions, and that substantive representation has weaker effects than expected.

Abstract

The concept of representation, as developed in Hanna Pitkin's seminal work, is a complex structure, whose multiple dimensions are hypothesized to be closely interconnected. Most empirical work, however, ignores the integrated character of representation and examines its several dimensions in isolation. The picture of representation that results is not so much incorrect as incomplete. This research tests an integrated model of representation linking formal, descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. Data on the representation of women in 31 democracies confirms the interconnections among the several dimensions of representation. The structure of electoral systems exerts powerful influences on both women's descriptive representation and symbolic representation. Descriptive representation, in turn, increases legislatures’ responsiveness to women's policy concerns and enhances perceptions of legitimacy. The effects of substantive representation, however, are much less than theory anticipates.