2014 · 145 citations · 22 references
ComputingComputer ScienceComputer VisionFeature EngineeringMachine LearningDeep LearningImage Feature EngineeringObject DetectionPattern RecognitionRepresentation LearningScene UnderstandingConditional Random FieldsConvolutional Neural NetworksDeep Image FeaturesFeature LearningHand-crafted FeaturesLearned Feature RepresentationsShadow Boundary DeterminationShadow Contours
We present a practical framework to automatically detect shadows in real world scenes from a single photograph. Previous works on shadow detection put a lot of effort in designing shadow variant and invariant hand-crafted features. In contrast, our framework automatically learns the most relevant features in a supervised manner using multiple convolutional deep neural networks (ConvNets). The 7-layer network architecture of each ConvNet consists of alternating convolution and sub-sampling layers. The proposed framework learns features at the super-pixel level and along the object boundaries. In both cases, features are extracted using a context aware window centered at interest points. The predicted posteriors based on the learned features are fed to a conditional random field model to generate smooth shadow contours. Our proposed framework consistently performed better than the state-of-the-art on all major shadow databases collected under a variety of conditions.
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SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique
Nitesh V. Chawla, Kevin W. Bowyer, Lawrence Hall et al. · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · 2002 · 31.2K citations · Full text