Tumor Budding Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Despite the enormous advances in diagnostic and management modalities of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the mortality rates have remained stagnant with a 5-year survival rate of <50% challenging the available methods of prognostic assessment. Presence of tumor budding has been associated with aggressive behavior and is correlated with lymph node metastasis, recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival in several cancers. However, the prognostic significance of this apparently simple to evaluate parameter is sparse in OSCC. METHODS: A total of 75 cases of surgically excised OSCC were analyzed for tumor budding along with other clinicopathologic parameters. Tumor budding was graded as high and low intensity based on presence and absence of ≥10 or <10 budding foci in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. An association between the clinicopathological parameters, lymph node metastases with the budding index was examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Tumor budding was evident in 89% of cases with around 45.3% of the cases demonstrated high-intensity budding. High-intensity tumor budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor budding and depth of invasion were significant independent predictors for lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Tumor budding is frequently encountered histologic marker in OSCC. High-intensity tumor budding is a strong independent prognostic factor for prediction of lymph node metastasis.