Phenotypic plasticity and constancy of life‐history traits in laboratory clones of <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus: effects of neonatal length

Abstract

1. The phenotypic constancy of four laboratory Daphnia magna clones in fitness‐related life‐history traits, such as age and clutch size at maturity, was studied among consecutive experimental runs in differing food environments. 2. A significant part of the observed clonal and genetic‐by‐environmental variation in age and clutch size at maturity was explained by experimentally uncontrollable variations in neonatal body length. 3. Despite food availability, neonatal length determined the number of instars invested to maturity and thus maturation age. Clonal differences in neonatal length and thus in maturation instar occurrence across environments explained most of the clonal variability observed in maturation age. 4. Although interclonal differences in clutch size existed, most of the phenotypic plasticity observed for clutch size was mediated by clonal differences in neonatal length. 5. Clonal differences in neonatal length and in the occurrence of maturation instars across environments dramatically affected the body length of instar IM‐2 where provisioning of eggs take place. Since clutch size is determined from clutch mass and clutch mass was strongly related to the body length of instar IM‐2, clonal differences across environments in body length of instar IM‐2 mirrored clonal differences across environments in clutch size. 6. The results reported in the present study show that maternally mediated traits such as neonatal length affect how genotypes respond to different environmental selection regimes (genetic‐by‐environmental interaction). Future research needs to focus on the effects of neonatal length on the heritability or genetic variation of the reaction norms, since prediction of the response to selection is a key research objective in quantitative genetic studies.