When the Economy Falters, Do People Spend or Save? Responses to Resource Scarcity Depend on Childhood Environments

TLDR

Human ancestors and modern economies both experience cycles of abundance and famine, raising the question of whether scarcity prompts saving or spending. The study tests whether responses to resource scarcity depend on childhood socioeconomic status. Three experiments examined how individuals from different childhood environments reacted to scarcity. Participants from lower‑SES backgrounds were more impulsive, risk‑seeking, and quick to give in to temptations, whereas higher‑SES participants were more cautious; these patterns emerged only under economic uncertainty and mirrored differences in oxidative‑stress biomarkers.

Abstract

Just as modern economies undergo periods of boom and bust, human ancestors experienced cycles of abundance and famine. Is the adaptive response when resources become scarce to save for the future or to spend money on immediate gains? Drawing on life-history theory, we propose that people’s responses to resource scarcity depend on the harshness of their early-life environment, as reflected by childhood socioeconomic status (SES). In the three experiments reported here, we tested how people from different childhood environments responded to resource scarcity. We found that people who grew up in lower-SES environments were more impulsive, took more risks, and approached temptations more quickly. Conversely, people who grew up in higher-SES environments were less impulsive, took fewer risks, and approached temptations more slowly. Responses similarly diverged according to people’s oxidative-stress levels—a urinary biomarker of cumulative stress exposure. Overall, whereas tendencies associated with early-life environments were dormant in benign conditions, they emerged under conditions of economic uncertainty.