20:T4c3,We have designed a multisource frequency-domain spectrometer for the optical study of biological tissues. Eight multiplexed, intensity-modulated LEDs are employed as the light sources. Four of them emit light at a peak wavelength of 715 nm (λ₁); the other four, 850 nm (λ₂). The frequency of intensity modulation is 120 MHz. This instrument measures the frequency-domain parameters phase, dc intensity, and ac amplitude at the two wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂ and for different distances between light source and detector. From these frequency-domain raw data, the absolute values of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of tissue at λ₁ and λ₂ are obtained. The oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations, and hence the hemoglobin saturation, are then analytically derived from the molar extinction coefficients. Acquisition times as short as hundreds of milliseconds provide real-time monitoring of the measured parameters. We performed a systematic test in vitro to quantify the precision and accuracy of the instrument reading. We also report in vivo measurements. This spectrometer can be packaged as a compact portable unit.21:T4b1,The use of cerebral tissue oxygenation index (c-TOI) in a clinical setting is limited by doubts concerning the accuracy of the measurements. Since there is no gold standard, validation is difficult. Our modest aim was to quantify the precision of c-TOI doing repeated measurements by reapplying the optode several times presuming no regional differences in cerebral oxygenation. Thirty-seven premature infants were examined with several measurements of c-TOI using the NIRO 300 oximeter. Three to eight measurements were done on each infant over a period of 15 to 25 min. One-way analysis of variance was used to estimate within- and between-infant variation. The median gestational age was 27.6 weeks (23.9 to 33.0). Mean c-TOI (n = 253) was 74.6+/-8.5%. The within-infant variation was 5.2% when resiting the optode. For comparison, the between-infants variation was 6.9%, while the spontaneous 2-sec variation was 2.9%. The precision of a single measurement of c-TOI was not good. By measuring five times instead of one on each subject, the precision of the mean can be assumed to be comparable to pulse oximetry. This may be too cumbersome for clinical use, but may reduce sample size in research.22:T4fb,Near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) potentially provides a tool for noninvasive tissue oxygenation and blood volume monitoring. Cerebral monitoring could be useful in the prevention of hypoxic ischemic brain injury in newborns. This study sought to validate such NIRS measurements in normoventilated, hypocapnic, and hypoxemic states in the brain of newborn piglets vs. arterial (SaO2) and sagittal sinus blood hemoglobin saturation (SssO2) and blood volume measurements with 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes. NIRS measurements of cerebral blood volume (CBV) were performed with both oxyhemoglobin and indocyanine green as tracers, and changes in CBV were monitored by following the change in the concentration of total hemoglobin (i.e., oxyhemoglobin + deoxyhemoglobin). NIRS CBV measurements did not correlate well with the radioactive measurements. NIRS measurements of oxygenation, however, correlated well with a weighted mean value of SaO2 and SssO2 (r = 0.90; P < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression of the oxygenation index (i.e., oxyhemoglobin - deoxyhemoglobin) on SaO2 and SssO2 suggested that NIRS sees hemoglobin in tissue in a venous-to-arterial ratio of 2:1. Therefore, in this study, NIRS reliably monitored changes in cerebral tissue oxygenation but not in CBV.23:T5c8,

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