Transnationalization in international migration: implications for the study of citizenship and culture

TLDR

Transnational social spaces refer to sustained ties across borders, yet research conflates them with transnational communities and neglects their implications for citizenship and culture, leaving conceptual gaps in how migration shapes political and cultural integration. The study aims to delineate the mechanisms of transnationalization—reciprocity, exchange, and solidarity—within migration contexts. The authors characterize transnationalization through three mechanisms: reciprocity in small groups, exchange in circuits, and solidarity in communities. The study finds that reciprocity, exchange, and solidarity map onto transnational kinship groups, circuits, and communities, and that border‑crossing expansion of ties enhances understanding of immigrant integration politically and culturally. Keywords: Transnationalism, International Migration, Assimilation, Ethnic Pluralism, Diaspora.

Abstract

Abstract Terms such as transnational social spaces, transnational social fields or transnationalism usually refer to sustained ties of persons, networks and organizations across the borders across multiple nation-states, ranging from little to highly institutionalized forms. However, there are two large conceptual gaps in the study of transnational social spaces arising out of international migration and refugee flows. First, terms such as transnational social spaces and transnational communities are often used synonymously, as if 'transnational community' were the only form or type of transnational social space. This analysis outlines the primary mechanisms operative in transnationalization: reciprocity in small groups, exchange in circuits and solidarity in communities. These mechanisms correspond to distinct types of transnational social spaces - transnational kinship groups, transnational circuits and transnational communities. Second, the implications of transnationalization for citizenship and culture have not been systematically explored. The concept of border-crossing expansion of social ties also helps to enrich our understanding of immigrant integration in the political and cultural realms. There is an elective affinity between the three broad concepts to explain and describe immigrant adaptation: assimilation, ethnic pluralism and border-crossing expansion of social space, on the one hand, and the concepts used to describe citizenship and culture, on the other hand. In the political realm the concepts are national, multicultural and transnational citizenship; and in the cultural sphere, acculturation, cultural retention and transnational syncretism. Keywords: TransnationalismInternational MigrationAssimilationEthnic PluralismDiaspora