Journal of Personality Assessment · 1984 · 428 citations · 12 references
Social SciencesBehavioral SciencesPsychologyInterpersonal RelationshipsPersonality PsychologyPsychometricsEmpathic ConcernEmpathyPersonality AssessmentPersonality TraitsPsychological TestingTrait TheoryConstruct ValidityConstruct Validity AssessmentContent Validity Evidence
Three empathy questionnaires were correlated with scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and the predicted negative relationship was observed in two of the three cases. In addition, the Exploitiveness/Entitlement (E/E) subscale of the NPI was inversely related to all three empathy scales and directly related to another hypothesized measure of narcissism. Unexpected negative correlations between the E/E subscale and social desirability scales were interpreted as evidence of E/E subscale sensitivity to the manipulative dimension of narcissistic relationship styles. These data further support the construct validity of the NPI in general and of the Exploitiveness/Entitlement subscale in particular.
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A measure of emotional empathy1
Albert Mehrabian, Norman B. Epstein · Journal of Personality · 1972 · 2.4K citations
A Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Robert Raskin, Calvin S. Hall · Psychological Reports · 1979 · 2K citations
Development of an empathy scale.
Robert Hogan · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · 1969 · 1.5K citations
Christopher Lasch · PubMed · 1980 · 1.3K citations