Determinants of the Impaired Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

TLDR

The study aimed to identify the causes of reduced incretin response in type 2 diabetes by measuring GLP‑1, GIP, NEFA, insulin, C‑peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucose during a 4‑hour mixed meal in 54 T2D patients, 33 normal controls, and 15 IGT subjects. Participants underwent a 4‑hour mixed meal test with serial sampling of incretin hormones and metabolic markers to assess secretion dynamics across groups. GLP‑1 area under the curve was significantly lower in T2D patients (2482 ± 145 vs.

Abstract

To elucidate the causes of the diminished incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus we investigated the secretion of the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose- dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and measured nonesterified fatty acids, and plasma concentrations of insulin, C peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and glucose during a 4-h mixed meal test in 54 heterogeneous type 2 diabetic patients, 33 matched control subjects with normal glucose tolerance, and 15 unmatched subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The glucagon-like peptide-1 response in terms of area under the curve from 0–240 min after the start of the meal was significantly decreased in the patients (2482 ± 145 compared with 3101 ± 198 pmol/liter·240 min; P = 0.024). In addition, the area under the curve for glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide was slightly decreased. In a multiple regression analysis, a model with diabetes, body mass index, male sex, insulin area under the curve (negative influence), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide area under the curve (negative influence), and glucagon area under the curve (positive influence) explained 42% of the variability of the glucagon-like peptide-1 response. The impaired glucose tolerance subjects were hyperinsulinemic and generally showed the same abnormalities as the diabetic patients, but to a lesser degree. We conclude that the meal-related glucagon-like peptide-1 response in type 2 diabetes is decreased, which may contribute to the decreased incretin effect in type 2 diabetes.