Dietary intakes and food sources of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

TLDR

Essential n‑6 and n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are recognized, but reliable population intake data are limited. This study sought to quantify Australian intakes and identify food sources of individual n‑6 and n‑3 PUFA. An updated fatty‑acid database was applied to 10,851 Australians’ 1995 dietary records to estimate PUFA content. Average intakes were 10.8 g LA, 0.052 g AA, 1.17 g LNA, 0.056 g EPA, 0.026 g DPA, 0.106 g DHA, with long‑chain n‑3 PUFA at 0.189 g/day, and most Australians fall below the 0.2 g/day recommendation, underscoring the need to boost n‑3 food availability.

Abstract

Both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recognized as essential nutrients in the human diet, yet reliable data on population intakes are limited. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the dietary intakes and food sources of individual n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the Australian population. An existing database with fatty acid composition data on 1690 foods was updated with newly validated data on 150 foods to estimate the fatty acid content of foods recorded as eaten by 10,851 adults in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey. Average daily intakes of linoleic (LA), arachidonic (AA), alpha-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were 10.8, 0.052, 1.17, 0.056, 0.026, and 0.106 g, respectively, with long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (addition of EPA, DPA, and DHA) totaling 0.189 g; median intakes were considerably lower (9.0 g LA, 0.024 g AA, 0.95 g LNA, 0.008 g EPA, 0.006 g DPA, 0.015 g DHA, and 0.029 g LC n-3 PUFA). Fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereal-based products and cereals, vegetables, and nuts and seeds were important sources of n-6 PUFA, while cereal-based products, fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereals, milk products, and vegetable products were sources of LNA. As expected, seafood was the main source of LC n-3 PUFA, contributing 71%, while meat and eggs contributed 20 and 6%, respectively. The results indicate that the majority of Australians are failing to meet intake recommendations for LC n-3 PUFA (> 0.2 g per day) and emphasize the need for strategies to increase the availability and consumption of n-3-containing foods.