The UNCTAD and WORKPORT models of port development: evolution or revolution?

TLDR

Since its proposal ten years ago, the UNCTAD model has been used to explain how ports adapt to technological, political, and operational changes. The study critically examines the UNCTAD Three Generation Port Model using research from the WORKPORT project. The authors analyze the model by applying data and findings from the WORKPORT project funded by the European Commission (1998–1999). The WORKPORT study demonstrates that ports evolve continuously through multiple simultaneous streams of change, with varying paces, and that the UNCTAD model’s discrete‑step assumption is fundamentally flawed.

Abstract

Around ten years have elapsed since the UNCTAD model on port development was put forward as an explanation of how ports have adapted to incorporate technological, political and operational changes. The UNCTAD Three Generation Port Model is critically examined in the light of research carried out under the WORKPORT project funded by the European Commission, 1998–1999. Evidence from the WORKPORT study shows that, rather than developing in discrete steps, ports evolve continuously, adapting to new technologies, fresh legislation, revised working practices and other influences on an as-required basis. Further, it is demonstrated that several streams of evolution can be observed simultaneously; the pace of change within each stream can vary substantially. One of the prominent features of ports is that they often have several terminals, some operating along traditional lines while others may be leading edge in terms of technology, working practices or other aspects; all of them may be equally effective. The UNCTAD model, implying ports develop in discrete steps, or generations, is therefore shown to be fundamentally flawed.