Age-Specific Relationship between Blood Pressure and the Risk of Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Japanese Men and Women

Abstract

To examine the impact of age on the relationship between blood pressure (BP) levels and each of cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality, a total of 30,226 men and 58,798 women aged 40-79 years who had no history of stroke or heart disease underwent health checkups in Ibaraki-ken, Japan, in 1993 and were followed through 2002. Risk ratios for mortality by BP category based on the 1999 WHO-ISH guidelines were calculated by age subgroups (40-59 years, 60-79 years) using a Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with optimal BP levels, the multivariate risk ratios of cardiovascular mortality for stage 2 or 3 hypertension were 5.99 (95% confidence interval: 2.13-16.8) in middle-aged men and 4.09 (1.70-9.85) in middle-aged women. These excess cardiovascular mortality risks were larger in the 40-59 years age group than in the 60-79 years age group for both genders (p for interaction = 0.01 for both). In men, the population attributable risk percents of cardiovascular mortality were 60% for younger men and 28% for older men, while for women they were 15% for younger women and 7% for older women. Weaker but significant excess risks of total mortality were observed for stage 2 or 3 hypertension in men of both age groups and in the older age group for women. The impact of BP on the risk of cardiovascular mortality was larger among middle-aged persons than among the elderly in both men and women. Our findings indicate the importance of BP control to prevent cardiovascular disease among middle-aged individuals.