Internally Converted Radiation from Europium, Hafnium, and Osmium

Abstract

By use of semicircular focusing, magnetic spectrometers, together with absorption methods, the gamma-radiations emitted by europium 154, hafnium 181, and osmium 193 are evaluated. These energies are as follows: for europium (154)---122.4, 342.8, 407.8, and 1230 kev; for hafnium (181)---132.5, 345.5, 478.7, and 600 kev (by absorption); and for osmium (193)---129.1 kev. Two cases are shown where photoelectrons and conversion electrons from the same gamma-ray are of comparable intensity. The ability of the radioactive method in chemical analysis to show traces of impurities is demonstrated.