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Preoperative planning and real-time assisted navigation by three-dimensional individual digital model in partial nephrectomy with three-dimensional laparoscopic system

Geometric ModelingThree-dimensional Laparoscopic SystemLaparoscopyUrologyRoboticsComputer-assisted SurgeryMedical ImagingRobotic TechnologyMedicineNatural SciencesPreoperative PlanningComputational GeometryPartial NephrectomyImage GuidanceSurgeryRobot-assisted SurgeryKinematicsSurgical Planning